History of Baseball - 1338 Words

The 1952 World Series began with the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Yankees. The World Series goes to the team to first reach four wins through seven games, the best of the teams wins. In this occasion, the New York Yankees defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers four games to three. Baseball today has many changes from 1952, such as team names. Todays World Series consist of the St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Red Sox, in which the Boston Red Sox defeated the St. Louis Cardinals four games to two. Baseball is Americas past time, some of the greatest players played in the past of baseball. What is Baseball? Baseball is a sport that is played between two teams and nine players on each team, baseball is a bat and ball game that last for nine†¦show more content†¦The new rules of modern day baseball involved the ability to steal bases, how the fields were built, and how many players are allowed on one team in the MLB. Bat sizes along with pitchers mounds have been changed as well for n ew requirements in the MLB. The new rules also allowed a batter to take a free base when hit by a pitch, or when taken four balls out of the strike zone. Many changes have been changed since starting the game until todays game, such as, instead of a team winning when one side scored twenty-one aces, a team today wins by scoring the most runs through nine innings of baseball. In 1858, strikes were introduced and now batters could get called out on strikes. In 1863 the bat size regulation was introduced, someone had to have a required size bat to play. Batting averages were introduced in 1865 along with the batter being able to call a low or high pitch in 1867. The most recent rule was in 2008 when the MLB added limited instant reply to be in affect for all games, this started August 29, 2008. In todays baseball, there are rules in which a limited amount of players can be on a team, and all the extra players go to either free agency or go to double-AA or triple-AAA. The save rule was finally changed in 1975 along with the suspension of players using bats that are filled, flattened, or doctored. There have been many Home Run leaders throughout the years of Baseball. The leaders have hit many home runs to be in this group, some have hit asShow MoreRelatedHistory of Baseball Worldwide1210 Words   |  5 PagesTo some, Baseball is just a sport, but to others, baseball is a way of life. In the United States, but young kids mostly coming from a Hispanic country and tend to do nothing except eat, sleep, and breathe the sport of baseball. The importance of the sport gives those kids a chance to make something to look forward to in their lives. The reason why parents push their kids so hard with baseball is so that those kids can have a chance to escape their life of poverty that their parents went throughRead More Baseball and Its History Essay2396 Words   |  10 Pages Baseball is an immensely popular American game, known as the national pastime, played between two teams of nine players each. The basic implements used in the game are a leather-covered ball, wooden bats for hitting the ball, and gloves for catching it. Baseball is played on a large scale in Latin America, Japan, and other places besides the United States, but it is in the United States that it thrives both as a participants and spectators sport. It is played at its highest level inRead MoreEssay on The History of Baseball2347 Words   |  10 PagesThe History of Baseball Baseball in America is about as common as alcohol in college , it is everywhere and participated by everyone. Children and adults play baseball in small towns and large cities and professionals play it throughout the country. The game of baseball is Americas pastime and it popularity is enormous. The beginning of the 20th century between the 1930s sparked the emergenceRead MoreThe Unique History Of The Negro Baseball Leagues1379 Words   |  6 Pagesessay we will take a look at the unique history of the Negro Baseball Leagues. We will discuss how they were an integral part of the African American culture and what they meant to their communities. We will also discuss some of the more famous players of the Negro Leagues as well as take a look at what the impact of Jackie Robinson being the first African American to be signed to a professional Major League team was and how it affected the future of baseball. Black American men were banned fromRead MoreHistory of Baseball Informative Speech Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesknow the odds of a fan getting hit by a baseball are 300,000 to 1? And did u know the shortest baseball player that ever played was recorded to be 3 feet and 7 inches? These are interesting facts I stumbled upon research, but I bet most of you did not know. There are many interesting facts that people like you and I don’t know about baseball throughout its history. Have you ever asked yourself where did baseball come from, who created it, or even ask what baseball went through in the past to receiveRead MoreHistory and Importance of Baseball in the US Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesBaseball is an American icon. It is the Statue of Liberty, the bald eagle, ‘In God We Trust,’ Mount Rushmore, ice cream, apple pie, hot dogs, and rally monkeys. BASEBALL IS AMERICA.† At one time baseball held the hearts and captivated the minds of the majority of the United States of America with its luster and almost magical exuberance. It exerted this on minds of young children and all the way up to old men and women in America. Americans fell in love with the scent of ballpark hotdogs and theRead MoreThe Economic History of Major League Baseball1903 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Baseball is considered Americas pastime as it is steeped in history and prestige. However, due in part to the emergence of alternative sporting events such as skateboarding, snowboarding and competitive biking, the profits previously garnered within the industry are not growing as fast as they once where. In fact, in many instances, individual player salaries are outpacing the growth of ticket and television revenue. Table 1 within the appendix was constructed by Michael J. Haupert, a professorRead MoreBaseball Player Babe Ruths Contribution to American History1022 Words   |  4 PagesAlabama in 1965, which gained international publicity for the civil rights movement and led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. These were the most important pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history and two key parts of Lyndon Johnsons Great Society agenda. King later broke with Johnson openly over the Vietnam War, which other mainstream civil rights leaders were very reluctant to do, and was assassinated in Memphis in 1968, where he had goneRead MoreBook Report on Baseball: A History of Americas Game by Benjamin G. Rader 1036 Words   |  5 PagesBook Report on Baseball: A History of Americas Game by Benjamin G. Rader In Baseball: A History of Americas Game, the Author Benjamin G. Rader discusses the history of baseball and how it developed to present day. Rader explainsRead MoreBook Review: Playing for Keeps: a History of Early Baseball, 20th Anniversary Edition725 Words   |  3 PagesKeeps: A History of Early Baseball, 20th Anniversary Edition The development of sports from their early stages, their metamorphosis and evolution to their current form and status is one of the most interesting areas of study. Unfortunately, most writers on such subjects only concentrate on the sport itself and players without exploring other ulterior factors that influence the development of a sport such as the emotional, economic and social environment. The book, Playing for Keeps: A History of Early

Genetic Engineering - 1896 Words

Genes are, basically, the blueprints of our body which are passed down from generation to generation. Through the exploration of these inherited materials, scientists have ventured into the recent, and rather controversial, field of genetic engineering. It is described as the artificial modification of the genetic code of a living organism, and involves the manipulation and alteration of inborn characteristics by humans (Lanza). Like many other issues, genetic engineering has sparked a heated debate. Some people believe that it has the potential to become the new miracle tool of medicine. To others, this new technology borders on the realm of immorality, and is an omen of the danger to come, and are firmly convinced that this human†¦show more content†¦Of the 23 patients in the study 12 were able to stay off insulin therapy for three years, and eight needed only occasional insulin treatments during the five-year study period and on average, the patients did not require insul in injections for nearly three years (Wekesser 50). Perhaps the most well-known objection to the use stem cell technology is the fact that an embryo must be destroyed in order to create embryonic stem cells (Sandel 20). The destruction of embryos to create stem cells has led to a heated back-and-forth debate between scientists and critics on such matters as what qualifies as a human being and when an organism begins deserving rights. In their argument against the use of embryonic stem cells opponents often claim that the use of adult stem cells from sources such as umbilical cord blood has consistently produced more promising results than the use of embryonic stem cells as well as that adult stem cell research may be able to make greater advances if less money and resources were channeled into embryonic stem cell research. In addition, to date, embryonic stem cells have never been used successfully in any therapies (Sandel 23). However, stem cell researchers have argued that a days-old embryo does not qualify as a human being as it is merely a collection of cells that aren’tShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering ( Genetic Modification )991 Words   |  4 PagesRevised HOMEWORK 1 (a) Genetic engineering (genetic modification) is a process by which an organism’s genome can be modified using various biotechnology techniques. The process involves manipulating the DNA of an organism or transferring genes into an organism to create a new and improved version. DNA sequences of certain organisms are inserted into different organisms or within the same organism to help us obtain favorable outcomes. Genetic engineering can be used to increase the disease resistanceRead MoreGenetic Engineering And Human Engineering3020 Words   |  13 PagesGenetic engineering is a highly debated topic across the world right now as countries are split for and against genetically altering crops and livestock. The simple definition for genetic engineering according to CSIRO is â€Å"The use of modern biotechnology techniques to change genes of an organism, such as plant or animal.†(CSIRO, 2007) The techniques or steps to genetic engineering are quite technical. The first stage of genetic engineering is to isolate the DNA from the organism. Once the DNA strandRead MoreGenetic Engineering In Our Food.. Genetic Engineering,1514 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic Engineering in Our Food Genetic Engineering, more accurately referred to as â€Å"Bioballistics† a process where a small metal projectile is covered in plasmid DNA is fired at a small petri dish where Germ Cells of another organism awaits. The disruption of the cells delicate state causes destabilization, and the cells stabilize elements from both the fired DNA and the Germ cells merge. This process did not exist until quite recently, between the years 1983 and 1986 the first Gene Gun was developedRead MoreThe Process Of Genetic Engineering2336 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is genetic engineering? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.1 History of genetic modified food--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.2 The process of genetic engineering in crop (plant) --------------------------------------------- 2.0 Genetic modified crops worldwide----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1 Leading countries implementing genetic engineering------------------------------------------Read MoreGenetic Engineering Of A Food979 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic Engineering Agitation Imagine a world where medicines are taken by eating bananas, there are no shots, where tomatoes outlive frosts, plants are pesticide resistant, and one can get their recommended daily vitamins from rice. These occurrences are real, and they have succeeded. Scientist who study biotechnology use genetic engineering to create healthier and longer lasting food. This new technology is evolutionary and has many benefits, but it also has downfalls. Genetic engineering, or geneticallyRead MoreWhat Are Genetic Engineering?1634 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategies include endowment of nutrient supplements, enrichment of processed foods to contain more nutrient content, and enhancement of staple crops with increases essential nutrient contents, known as biofortification (Zhu et al., 2007). Genetic engineering (GE) has proven to be the consistent approach for biofortification due to the limitless diversity available within the specific gene pools of the staple foods and can, therefore, be implemented directly to cultivars without the complex breedingRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Science And The Economy1495 Words   |  6 Pagesordered main course would preferably be prepared baked, fried, or genetically engineered. Though odd, this question is coming sooner than later. Even though genetic engineering has been around for a long time, due to its increased advances, no longer is it an ignored issue. In fact, it is causing quite a controversy. Some feel, genetic engineering is a scientist s way of playing God, creating elements and bodies that were not intended to be on Earth. Possibly, there is some truth to this belief;Read MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetic Modification1518 Words   |  7 Pageswrite my paper about Genetic engineering also known as genetic modifi cation. In a nutshell genetic engineering is the modification of an organism s genetic composition by artificial means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or genes, from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species. This topic has been researched for decades but still has quite some time to be fully mastered in all possible circumstances. When I think of genetic engineering I think of differentRead More Genetic Engineering Essay example2745 Words   |  11 PagesGenetic Engineering There are many risks involved in genetic engineering. The release of genetically altered organisms in the environment can increase human suffering, decrease animal welfare, and lead to ecological disasters. The containment of biotechnological material in laboratories and industrial plants contributes to the risk of accidental release, especially if the handling and storage are inadequate. The purely political dangers include intensified economic inequality, the possibilityRead MoreThe Genetic Engineering of Human Food1924 Words   |  8 Pages Genetic Engineering refers to the direct manipulation of the genetic information of living beings. The genes, embedded in the DNA, are the blueprints of life which determine particular traits in an organism. With Biotechnology, Genetic Engineers are able to replace these genes from one organism to another, resulting in completely new combinations of traits which do not occur in nature. These Genetically Modified Organisms are artificially enhanced to express desired characteristics that are useful

Developmental Psychology Biology and Cognition

Question: Discuss about the term for Developmental Psychology for Biology and Cognition. Answer: Developmental psychology involves the scientific approach that aims to elucidate the changes in adults and children overtime. Within this discipline, different theories focus upon childhood development, as this period concerns most of the changes in the lifespan of an individual. This essay aims to focus how the different perspectives are concerned to explain the development of morals and intelligence. In addition, it will analyze and evaluate the different studies of research concerning the intellectual and moral development of children. The development of children occurring from birth to gaining maturity has been ignored in the past. They were simply observed as a smaller version of grown-up individuals. The children received a little attention with respect to several advances in the usage of language, physical growth and cognitive abilities that are associated with childhood and teenage years A number of psychologists and other researchers have given the proposition of different theories of child development in order to provide a description regarding the stages and processes that children undergo during their development. The theory of Cognitive Development by famous psychologist Jean Piaget explains the development of intelligence as one matures. Intellectual development occurs as a result of many transformations in a child. The cognitive development takes place by means of an interaction with the actions of the environment and continues through different stages (Carey and Gelman 2014). It involves four stages of life. The sensory motor stage (0-2 years old) is the phase starting from birth to the time when children acquire new language. In this phase children reacts to sensory experience like what he sees or hears. They catch reflexes like grasping, stepping, etc and by the end of this phase, they develop the understanding of permanency of objects (Inhelder et al. 2014 ). This stage is followed by preoperational stage (2-7 years old) in which child express things through the use of words, drawing and pictures. The children acquire mental reasoning skills in this stage and they conserve the knowledge acquired in this phase. In the concrete operational stage (7-11 years old), child learns to use all logic appropriately and they can classify and sort objects according to its variations. The age above 11 years and beyond is the formal operational stage when children learn abstract thinking skills and they rationalize things hypothetically. They can now analyze problems as well as test different solutions to the problem. (Sigelman and Rider 2014). Piaget had a belief that the developmental process occurs by the removal of restrictions from the thinking of children. Therefore, he has utilized the word, Schema. A schema refers to the cognitive or mental structures with the help of which individuals are able to adapt and organize with their surroundings or environments (O'Donnell and King 2014). Piagets theory also included the concept of accommodation and assimilation. His view was that there are pre-existing cognitive schemas in each individual. It is because of the process of assimilation that persons try to take the new information that is known to them and they try to assimilate it within their cognitive patterns. On the other hand, process of accommodation occurs when individuals change their cognitive patterns according to the information they collect from the environment and in this way they fit the information into their schemas (Cohen Salapatek 2013). According to Wads worth (1996), during the birth of children, they have a small number of schemata, they develop it gradually, and in the later stages, it becomes differentiated and generalized. However, he has argued that schema do not possess physical counterparts, are not evident and are hypothetical. It has been speculated by Piaget that children are born with simple schemas such reflexes like sucking which is activated only when they come in association with certain things (Edelstein et al. 2014). On the other hand, Kohlberg came with the theory of moral development in children. He modified Piagets two-stage theory of moral development and explained how children develop moral reasoning as they grow. Kohlberg theory suggested moral development occurs thorough out one lifespan. In the preconventional morality stage, children see obedience as a means to escape punishment and then they move to individualism approach. This means they now judge actions on the basis of how it is useful for an individual (Kurtines et al. 2014). The second level in moral development is conventional morality involving stages like interpersonal relationship and maintaining social order. In this morality means living up to social expectations and the focus is on marinating interpersonal relationship. When persons morality develops further, the focus is on welfare of society as a whole when making judgments. So people tend to follow rules and regulations. As one advance further in morality, Kohlberg propos ed the stage of social contract and universal principle in post-conventional morality. In this stage people began to consider different values and opinions of people. His final level of moral reasoning depicts following universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning (Gibbs 2013). Another input regarding social development theory was given by Lev Vygotsky in 1978. He stressed the importance of social interaction in the development of cognitive skill. While Piaget stated that childrens development must precede learning, but Vygotsky argues that social learning comes before development (Hala 2013). He gave more emphasis on culture having an impact of on cognitive development. Piagets cognitive development was universal for all cultures, but Vygotsky regarded that cognitive development varies across cultures (Crain 2015). Piaget has been criticized for underestimating the role of social factors in cognitive development. Vygotsky stated that cognitive development in children occurs from guided learning through social interaction and gaining knowledge from different groups in society. Piaget had just stated that development arise from independent exploration in which they children develop their own knowledge without any impact from society. But it cannot be denied that the environment in which children grows has a lot of influence on their thinking and learning pattern. He also emphasized an important role of language in cognitive development which Piaget had not explained in his theory (Doise et al. 2013). According to Vygotsky, cognitive development arises from adaptation of language. Children thought and language is separate systems in their life which merges at the age of 2-3 years leading to verbal thought and inner speech. He also stressed that adults are also an important source of cognitive development in children as they transmit their cultural values and intellectual thinking to children as they grow up. On the other hand Piaget thought that peer to peer interaction lead to intellectual development (Velasquez et al. 2013). Infants are born with basic skills for intellectual development. Piaget focuses on motor reflexes and sensory abilities, but Lev Vygotskyy referred to elementary mental function in child development such as attention, sensation, perception and memory. For example memory in young children is dependent on biological factors, but childrens culture determines what type of strategy they adopt for building memory. In some culture there is emphasis on taking notes to aid memory, while in some societies, people tie knots or carry pebbles to remember. Other examples of intellectual adaptation tools are memory mnemonics and mind maps (Carr, 2015). Another important principle of cognitive development is the zone of proximal development. It implies that difference between what a child can achieve on their own and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a learned adult (Saxe2015).For example if a child of 3-4 years is given to solve a jigsaw puzzle, he cannot do it himself, but he is able to do following instructions from his father. So in this the father has developed the skills of his child so that he can apply these skills in future jigsaw puzzles. Lantolf et al. (2015) conducted a study in which children had to place furniture in a doll house. At the same time the researcher also studied another group of children who performed the same activity but with the help of their mothers. The zone of proximal development is when they did the task with their mothers, while Piaget developmental learning was seen in those children who tried to do the task themselves. It was found that children who place furniture in th e dolls with the help of their mothers showed great improved in their task compared to their first attempt in completing the task. Thus, the study finally concluded that guided learning with the zone of proximal development lead to improvement in performance or an activity (Smith et al., 2015). From the overall study on moral and intellectual development in chidren, one concluded that development of children occurring from birth to gaining maturity has been ignored in the past. Later in the future various theories have been illustrated and studies have been made on child development. Different psychologists have given various theories based on child psychology such as Piaget, Wads, Kohlberg, etc. Analysis of these theories has shown that moral and intellectual development is influenced by many factors in society. As a child grows up and matures, they acquire different level of cognitive skills. Comparison of Piagets and Vygstksy s theory also gave an idea that social interaction is also an important part of moral and intellectual development in child. Therefore children cognitive development is dependent not only on their own thinking and learning pattern but also on interaction with other members of society. References Carey, S. and Gelman, R., 2014.The epigenesis of mind: Essays on biology and cognition. Psychology Press. Carr, A., 2015.The handbook of child and adolescent clinical psychology: A contextual approach. Routledge. Cohen, L. B., Salapatek, P. (Eds.). (2013).Infant perception: From sensation to cognition: Basic visual processes(Vol. 1). Academic Press. Crain, W., 2015.Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Psychology Press. Doise, W., Mugny, G., James, A.S., Emler, N. and Mackie, D., 2013.The social development of the intellect(Vol. 10). Elsevier. Edelstein, W., Keller, M. and Schrder, E., 2014. Child development and social structure: A longitudinal study of individual differences.Paul B. Baltes/David L. Featherman/Richard M. Lerner: Life-span development and behavior. Bd,10, pp.151-185. Gibbs, J.C., 2013.Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. Oxford University Press. Hala, S., 2013.The development of social cognition. Psychology Press. Inhelder, B., Sinclair, H. and Bovet, M., 2014.Learning and the Development of Cognition (Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press. Kurtines, W.M., Gewirtz, J. and Lamb, J.L., 2014.Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development: Volume 1: Theory. Psychology Press. Lantolf, J.P., Thorne, S.L. and Poehner, M.E., 2015. Sociocultural theory and second language development.Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction, pp.207-226. O'Donnell, A.M. and King, A. eds., 2014.Cognitive perspectives on peer learning. Routledge. Saxe, G.B., 2015.Culture and cognitive development: Studies in mathematical understanding. Psychology Press. Sigelman, C.K. and Rider, E.A., 2014.Life-span human development. Cengage Learning. Smith, P.K., Cowie, H. and Blades, M., 2015.Understanding children's development. John Wiley Sons. Velasquez, A., West, R., Graham, C. and Osguthorpe, R., 2013. Developing caring relationships in schools: a review of the research on caring and nurturing pedagogies.Review of education,1(2), pp.162-190.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Frucor Company in New Zealand

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Frucor Beverage Company in New Zealand. Answer: Business Description The proposed business plan is an expansion of an existing business for Frucor, a beverage manufacturing company in New Zealand. Frucor primarily manufactures drinks for the customers of New Zealand. As commented by Boons Ludeke-Freund (2013), in order to sustain in this competitive business market, business organisation needs to continuously keep on implementing innovative ideas in their business. According to Schaltegger, Ludeke-Freund Hansen (2012), innovation will provide an opportunity to create a unique image in the customers eye and stand out among the companies of the same sector. Among the already existing products of Frucor, the company is thinking of launching a healthier option of the drinks. The business emphasises on manufacturing drinks that has less sugar content and has less or no percentage of alcohol. Therefore, the company is focusing on launching ciders that are completely made of different types of fruits. The business emphasises on manufacturing range of ciders made of fruits for the targeted customers of New Zealand. This will provide an opportunity for the customers to obtain a healthier alternative for drinks. As mentioned by Pomeranz, Munsell Harris (2013), recently, customers are becoming more health orientated thereby, looking for healthier drinks. According to Moodie et al., (2013), as a result, the business of carbonated drinks and drinks with artificial additives are losing their potential markets. Therefore, Frucor will emphasise on manufacturing ciders that are comparatively healthier thereby, brining innovation within their business. The launch of ciders is an innovative idea for the already existing business of Frucor. The most significant feature of the ciders is they are non-pasteurised and contains no artificially added preservatives. The ciders manufactured by Frucor will also lack concentrates and sugar content. These features were significantly visible in the previous products of Frucos thereby, making them less healthy. As mentioned by Anand Sati (2013), beverages containing higher sugar content and preservatives are harmful for individuals as it affects the bones making them weaker with age. Moreover, such high-level of sugar content also causes fattening among individuals with higher consumption rate of such drinks (Beezhold, Johnston Nochta, 2014). Frucor will use cold-pressed fruits for creating preservative-free, raw and unpasteurised natural ciders. Moreover, Frucor can also use wild ferment and barrel age in order to infuse locally available fruits into the ciders while manufacturing. This will provide an opportunity for Frucor to create natural, funky and most delicious ciders for the customers. The new product of Frucor is innovative because of the way of manufacturing and the properties of the product. Moreover, as the product is manufactured keeping in mind the present demand of the people of New Zealand, it is also considered to be innovative. Market and Environmental Analysis According to the current market of New Zealand, the population are looking for healthier alternatives for drinks. As mentioned by Martin-Moreno et al., (2013), many customers prefer healthy beverages compared to fizzy drinks and alcopops. It can be seen that New Zealand target market is willing to pay comparatively more money for a product that is authentic and high quality. As asserted by Kregiel (2015), over the years customers have become more health oriented and are willing to pay more for a product that is healthy and tasty simultaneously. Therefore, the according to the present demands of the customers for opting for healthier drinks, manufacturing naturally processed drinks will be beneficial. The economy of New Zealand has taken a leap over the past few years making thereby, signifying stable economic condition of the country ("Medium-term Outlook from June 2017 to 2020 - Budget Economic and Fiscal Update 2016 ", 2017). Therefore, this highlights that the population of New Ze aland have considerable spending power. The potential customers for the new product in New Zealand are the young adults and adults. New Zealand has many international students and working professionals from all over the world. Therefore, the population of young adults and adults are comparatively more. Moreover, the young population seems to be more health conscious thereby, increasing the chances of sales for the new product (Gallan et al., 2013). Therefore, Frucor targets individuals customers as interacting with the customers individually will help in easily convincing the customers. As commented by Weske (2012), the stakeholders are defined as the number of people associated with the company for operation and production of the business. The stakeholders of the business can affect or get affected by the actions of the organisation (Fassin, 2012). Primary and secondary stakeholders of the company determine the success of the company (Turner Zolin, 2012). Therefore, the different stakeholders of Frucor are: Employees Managers Owners Suppliers Customers Society Government Creditors Shareholders Trade unions Investors (Lamin Zaheer, 2012) The other competitors in the market of New Zealand are Montheith and Zeffer that imposes threat for Frucor. Both Montheith and Zeffer are in the business of manufacturing ciders much before than Frocor. This is an added advantage for them as they have already established them in the New Zealand market and has built a strong customer base. The marketing strategy used by Montheith is innovative and new as they use apps and games for attracting the customers. For example, Montheith created a computer hunting game in which the customers has to find the final key for entering the warehouse by using a visual map. As commented by Festl, Scharkow Quandt (2013), hunting games in computers attract users in this technology driven age. Therefore, such a marketing strategy helped in gaining huge customer attention for Montheith ("Monteith's | Stoppress", 2017). Moreover, an increase in the demand of wines among the population, the sales of Montheiths has increased by almost 14% in 2014 ("Monteit h's brews export success - Business - NZ Herald News", 2017). Zeffer Cider Co. is another cider company in New Zealand with an established and large customer base. Even Zeffer Cider Co. has implemented interactive and digital marketing strategies over the years to attract the customers. Report suggests, with 26 days remaining, Zeffer Cider Co. has achieved $1.2 million within 5 days. This suggests their strong marketing and operational strategy and hold over the market ("Zeffer cider achieves $1.2 million capital target in just five days", 2017). The drink launched by Frucor is non-pasteurised, contains less sugar content and are produced naturally. This is a creative contribution developed by Frucor keeping in the the present demand of the customers of New Zealand. The beneficial properties of the drink will make it stand out and create an impression in the eye of the customers as they are more health oriented. This will act as a competitive advantage for Frucor. Financial Aspects Start-up Requirements Start-up Expenses Fixed Costs Particulars Amount ($) Premises Rent $5,000 Employee Salaries $50,000 Variable Cost Promotion $3,500 Advertisement Cost $2,500 Sales and Marketing $1,800 Logistics $2,500 Others Pre-Opening expenses $1,250 Total Start up Expense $66,550 Average Monthly Cost Rent $417 Employee Salaries $4,167 Total Average Monthly Costs $4,583 x Number of Months: 12 Total yearly Costs $55,000 Total Start-up Expenses $121550 The new business plan for launching a healthy drink and implementing the innovative idea, Frucor requires an estimated budget. Based on this estimated budget, Frucor will plan their overall business plan. The basic particulars of a start-up business are fixed costs, variable costs and average monthly costs. The fixed costs of the business start-up for Frucor includes rent for the premises along with the salary for the employees. In order to manufacture the drink the company requires a particular place to set up the production machineries. For this renting a place is essential. Moreover, the operation of the machineries requires suitable and trained employees. Therefore, salary of the employees working in the factory is needs to be considered. The variable cost constitutes of the logistics, sales and marketing, advertisement and promotional strategies. The logistics for Frucor includes the entire supply chainmanagement that includes the suppliers, raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution and transportation. All these aspects of the logistics plays a significant role as logisticsmanagement helps in achieving desired goals with complete strategic planning thereby, minimal use of financial resources. Therefore, proper logisticsmanagement for Frucor will help them in achieving higher results in minimal expenses. Post manufacturing, Frucor needs to market their product exceptionally well as there are already existing cider manufacturing companies with higher sales. Significant amount of financial resources are required for advertisement, promotions and marketing as these will attract the target customers. On the contrary, if Frucor compromises with financial resources in this field, this might hamper the launch of their innovative product. Distributing free samples to the customers, providing coupons, using digital and internet marketing for the product, Frucor will require the above-mentioned estimated budget along with the pre-opening cost. Apart from the start-up cost, the business plan includes the average monthly expenses that includes the salary of the employees and the rent of the place that includes both the outlet of the drink and the warehouse. Based on the current demand of the customers of the New Zealand market, the estimated profit of the business for for Frucor is around 15% of the total start-up expenses. According to the market research, the present demand for healthier drinks made Frucor propose the estimated profit. However, there always prevails a chance of encountering loss for new start-up business. Frucor has emphasised on targeting the psychology of the potential customers by highlighting the healthy properties of the drink. Therefore, there are chances that Frucor remains unsuccessful in targeting the psychology of the potential customers that might incur heavy loss for their innovative business start-up plan. In such cases, Frucor needs to implement strategies to revive their loss in the start-up business. Frucor can use re-evaluation strategy to revive their loss. This will provide an opportunity for Frucor to re-evalate their situation in terms of strategy, people, customers, product, process and finance. Re-evaluation of the current situation will help Frucor in determining the actual cause of their loss thereby, planning new marketing and operational strategy for revving. Moreover, Frucor can use seven Ps of marketing mix for promoting their product that will determine success. Business Model Canvas Key Partners Distributors Food Beverage manufacturers National Food Beverage associations Customers Media Companies Manual Distribution owners Social networks Key Activities Distribution Bottling Producing Marketing Value Propositions Nutritional value of the beverages Brand Value Customer Relationships Displays and fridges Advertisement to customers Resident account developer Interactive marketing Customer Segments Young adults Adults Large retail outlet Small shops and restaurants Key Resources Product Secret recipe Bottles and crates Brand Employees Partner and Retail Network Bottling plant and Distribution Centre Channels Advertisements Global Sales Large scale distribution Manual distribution centres Cost Structure Marketing Fixed Cost Variable Cost Others Rent Logistics Employee salary Promotion and Advertising cost Packaging cost Taxes Revenue Streams Bulk Sales Retail Price The Business Canvas Model of Frucor highlights the overall key features of a business and the associated partners with it. This helps in providing a brief idea about the partners, activities, resources, value propositions, customer relationships, channels, customer segments, cost structure and revenue streams. Therefore, the significant functions required for Frucor for implementing their innovative business launch is presented through Business Canvas Model. References Anand, S. P., Sati, N. (2013). Artificial preservatives and their harmful effects: looking toward nature for safer alternatives. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 4(7), 2496. Beezhold, B. L., Johnston, C. S., Nochta, K. A. (2014). Sodium benzoaterich beverage consumption is associated with increased reporting of ADHD symptoms in college students: A pilot investigation. Journal of attention disorders, 18(3), 236-241. Boons, F., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, 9-19. Fassin, Y. (2012). Stakeholder management, reciprocity and stakeholder responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(1), 83-96. Festl, R., Scharkow, M., Quandt, T. (2013). Problematic computer game use among adolescents, younger and older adults. Addiction, 108(3), 592-599. Frucor Beverages posts dip in profit - Business - NZ Herald News. (2017). The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=10895530 Gallan, A. S., Jarvis, C. B., Brown, S. W., Bitner, M. J. (2013). Customer positivity and participation in services: an empirical test in a health care context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(3), 338-356. Kregiel, D. (2015). Health safety of soft drinks: contents, containers, and microorganisms. BioMed research international, 2015. Lamin, A., Zaheer, S. (2012). Wall Street vs. Main Street: Firm strategies for defending legitimacy and their impact on different stakeholders. Organization Science, 23(1), 47-66. Martin-Moreno, J. M., Harris, M. E., Breda, J., Mller, L., Alfonso-Sanchez, J. L., Gorgojo, L. (2013). Enhanced labelling on alcoholic drinks: reviewing the evidence to guide alcohol policy. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(6), 1082-1087. Medium-term Outlook from June 2017 to 2020 - Budget Economic and Fiscal Update 2016 . (2017). Treasury.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from https://www.treasury.govt.nz/budget/forecasts/befu2016/008.htm Monteith's | Stoppress. (2017). Stoppress.co.nz. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from https://stoppress.co.nz/tag/monteiths Monteith's brews export success - Business - NZ Herald News. (2017). The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=11248575 Moodie, R., Stuckler, D., Monteiro, C., Sheron, N., Neal, B., Thamarangsi, T., ... Lancet NCD Action Group. (2013). Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries. The Lancet, 381(9867), 670-679. New Zealand Brands - Frucor. (2017). Frucor. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from https://www.frucor.com/brands-nz/ Pomeranz, J. L., Munsell, C. R., Harris, J. L. (2013). Energy drinks: an emerging public health hazard for youth. Journal of public health policy, 34(2), 254-271. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F., Hansen, E. G. (2012). Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 6(2), 95-119. Turner, R., Zolin, R. (2012). Forecasting success on large projects: developing reliable scales to predict multiple perspectives by multiple stakeholders over multiple time frames. Project Management Journal, 43(5), 87-99. Weske, M. (2012). Business process management architectures. In Business Process Management (pp. 333-371). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Zeffer cider achieves $1.2 million capital target in just five days. (2017). Theregister.co.nz. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from https://theregister.co.nz/news/2017/03/zeffer-cider-achieves-12-million-capital-target-just-five-days

Voluntarist and Regulated Approaches to Vocational Education and Training Tend to Embody Opposite Logics

Introduction Meaning and Importance of Vet Human resource development is given impetus by the fact that giving employees knowledge and required skills can completely change organisations and improve lives (Grugulis 2007a, p.1). When skills are well deployed they provide support for national and organisational competitiveness which enables companies to perform better (Grugulis 2007a, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Voluntarist and Regulated Approaches to Vocational Education and Training Tend to Embody Opposite Logics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore training and development safeguard productivity and supporting it and therefore firms have been able to prepare employees for current and future jobs. Many firms have resulted to training the internal employees on the knowledge and skills relevant to its functions (Grugulis 2007a, p.2). On the other hand educational systems in a place do affect the hum an resource development in any country (Grugulis 2007b, p.58). With the scientific revolution in the workplace calling for higher levels of education; training, greater exercise of intelligence and mental efforts as well as Vocational Education and Training (VET) is an inevitable player in human resource development and management (Ashton 2001, p.165). This is because there is need for a more competent skilled labour workforce for sustainable development, which is established on the idea of keeping in mind the ecological effects by use of suitable technologies. Furthermore, for there to be any growth in the social and economic scene, particular types of human capital and skills are required (CEDEFOP 2010). The issues vocational education and training at workplace are not only the concerns of individual workers and employers but of the whole society. In a larger picture an educated and skilled human resource is the backbone of a well functioning and productive economy which is presum ed competitive, wealthy and nurturing the wellbeing of the whole society (Holden 2001a, p.341). This paper is going to examine the two approaches to vocational education and training: the voluntary and regulated approaches and will show how these approaches employ opposite logics in their application.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Approaches to Vocational Education and Training Vocational education and training is a major stakeholder in preparing and developing human resource which is compatible to the changing demands on the workplace due to technological transformation. However there are different interpretations of the form and nature of what should be an objective Vocational Education and Training (VET) system and because of varied needs of skills at different places there are different approaches to this training and educational discourse (Holden 2004a, p.356; Gruguli s 2007b, p.56). With time, it has been noted that Vocational education and training is important especially due to its recurrence in the agenda of bi- and multilateral donors (CEDEFOP 2010). This is mainly because of three reasons: Firstly, despite the fact that UNESCO Education for all initiative has succeeded in bringing improved enrolment rates and quality of primary education, several concerns arise, particularly with regard to the way in which the employability in secondary education graduates can be promoted. In addition, the worldwide ecological and socioeconomic development patterns have allowed for the principle of Vocational Education and Training as well as the development of human capital (Wallenborn 2010, p.182). With all these proposals needing attention the question remains as to whether the two approaches; voluntary or compulsory [regulated] are compatible (Holden 2001a, p.356). Regulated Approach This approach is also known as compulsory because there is usually a l egislation that requires employers to ensure that their employees are given a specific training and education. Harrison (1995:38, quoted in Holden 2001a, p.356) reports that under this approach, the liberal democrats, the TUC, the commission for social justice and the labour party call for employers’ coercion through legislation to offer training to the employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Voluntarist and Regulated Approaches to Vocational Education and Training Tend to Embody Opposite Logics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This regulation usually happens in a number of varied forms (Ashton and Felstead 2001, p.167). For instance, in France, it is a requirement for employers to back up training or otherwise give a certain amount to the state. In Germany, on the other hand, a system of stringent and broad apprenticeship of youths who are prospective members of the labour market is provided. In addit ion, there are ‘licenses to practice’ which are required for different lines of work (Grugulis 2007b, p.54). This approach assumes that vocational Education and Training is beneficial to the entire society and has lifelong benefits to all in order to obtain an extremely competent work force. The compulsory approach gets a lot of backing from the fact that investing in Vocational Education and Training (VET) can be effective in promoting socioeconomic progress, increasing economic competitiveness and reducing poverty in the triangle of productivity, employability and sustainable growth (Wallenborn 2010, p.181). Therefore the assumption created in this approach is that if companies and firms are not forced to train their employees they will only put much emphasis on profits making and therefore the society and individuals will never progress and this will be reflected in the whole economy. Moreover, when left to their own companies concentrate on short term benefits, whic h more often than not, have proved to be of poor quality and do not develop a person as can be seen in the case of United Kingdom (Holden 2001b). Another major outcome of this is that these companies at times tend to enrol workers who have been trained in other places without necessarily training their own workers (Grugulis 2007a, p.2). Through the provision of a suitable base or even the idea of the payable levies and the regulation of this training, a full-bodied development of skills is guaranteed to the state. Voluntarist Approach This approach is the direct opposite of the regulated where the government and other stakeholders have so little to do as far as their influence on the general Vocational Education and Training system in a given nation is concerned (Grugulis 2007a, p.3).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contrary to what it insisted in the regulated approach labour party for instance has shifted its stand from where the organisation should be compelled to provide training, in what is known as levy system, to this recent proposal which adopts the element of persuasion (Holden 2001a, p.356). In the voluntarist approach the individual or organization is the one to be involved in the choosing of the kind of training and whether to do it or not as in some cases where the trade union have to negotiate with the employer on the kind of training to be accorded to the employee (Boheim and Booth 2004, p.520). The approach assumes that the effectiveness of any given firm is boosted if the firm has little or no bottlenecks that arise from external regulations hence adopting a unitary kind of workplace relationship (Harrison 2002, p.36). Through the market forces, such as the need to stay on the competing edge, production of high quality commodities and the need for smooth and efficient running o f the firms usually see to it that if there is suitable training, the companies will capitalize on it. Since there will be no costly and strict bureaucracy, such an investment will be made in such a manner as to correspond accurately to the demands of the market (Ashton 2004, p.23). Comparison of the Two In comparing the two approaches it is therefore evident that they are opposites in that one adopts a persuasive approach while the other one relies on compulsion. The differences between the two are however much clear in theory than in practice (Grugulis 2007b, p.53). The regulated approach is adopted when a country wants to achieve the level of skills it need thus putting regulations on the Vocational Education and Training (VET) systems (Holden 2001b, p.54). While this is taken as a social justice that would promote good for all, it is looked at as a form of taxation by the antagonists. Regulated approach looks at the society as a whole and a company welfare whereby when skills ar e requires, there is no need of it searching for them from outside but source them from within (Grugulis 2007a, p.2). The voluntary approach on the other hand considers that there should be liberal kind of operation in the workplace where freedom is given for the firm to determine whether to train or not and for that case workers have limited rights but more responsibilities (Rainbird 2002). Here the government do not coerce individuals or companies but appeal to their good will to adopt the Vocational Education and Training (VET) system for their good as in the United Kingdom (CEDEFOP 2009). This is also driven by the market needs where in case a certain skill is lacking in the market, firms can train their employees but if the skill is there in abundance they do not invest much in training. In summary the two can be contrasted in that first while regulated approach recognise the importance of skills at work voluntarist approach do not develop value or develop skills. In addition, Voluntarist approach’s training is very narrow while regulated approach is broad and much focused. In a regulated approach there is employee input and investment facilitation but voluntary approach only favours the employer by limiting employees input and thus becomes a disincentive to investment (Rainbird 2002). Case Studies A case study on the VET systems of different nations reveals that very different policies that govern the same are employed and as a result leading to several varied impacts (Grugulis 2007a). We are going to look at the cases of United Kingdom and Germany and it is also quite clear that for the two countries, there are a number of itineraries that are traversed in Vocational Education and Training, which range from comparatively low degree strategies such as Training for Work in Germany to higher ones such as university graduate and postgraduate degrees (Westwood 2004, p.45). It is worth noting that institutional uniqueness in different countries makes i t impossible for systems to be compatible and this is actually the major reasons as to why there are different approaches to Vocational Education and Training in different countries. The United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the voluntarist approach to Vocational Education and Training (VET) is used and traditionally companies are given the lee way to allow for training and development to their various employees. Vocational Education and Training (VET) was in essence introduced in the United Kingdom to develop the youth into practicable members of society rather than being just mere workers (Harrison Kessels 2004, p.36). Due to the comparative decline in the economy in the United Kingdom several issues have popped up to establish what education can do in either stopping or turning around this pattern (Heyes and Stuart 1996). A rather apparent fact is that the employers on their own are not in a position to meet the cost of gaining the overall objective required by the nation for in vestment in training, education and development and hence trade union’s involvement (Sutherland Rainbird 2000, p.197). This emanates from the fact that employers only work to achieve the goals of their establishments rather than those of the nation at large. It is also worth noting that they work in a jumble of complicated and low quality Vocational Education and Training courses, touchstones and makings (Grugulis 2007a, p.3). That is why one time the French government altered its voluntarist approach so as to deal with the country’s deficit of skills in a schematic manner. Nevertheless, there is still a raging argument on whether or not the voluntarist approach should be done away with (Rubery Grimshaw 2003). In line with this, the Labour government in the year 2000 made it clear that it was not going to take on a training levy any soon, which only points to only one thing; the voluntarist approach will also not be discarded any soon (Holden 2001b). In the United Ki ngdom there is less state intervention in giving directives for training of staff and the major targets are short term benefits (Harrison 2002). Due to the practical experience of the businesses, which have very much boosted their carrying out of activities through investment in people, IIP provides a nation level benchmark which determines the rationales that bond training and development action directly to the objectives of the business so as to ensure there is effective and sustainable use of the resources provided for training and development (Boheim and Booth 2004, p.538). Through this, all classes of organizations are in a position to gauge their progress as far as performance in their businesses is concerned (Lloyd Payne 2004). In the last month of the year 1999, a total of 16454 firms including units within them had already obtained national standards as Investors to people and about twenty two thousand were already committed in arriving at the reward. This reward in turn g ives the organizations significant gains that help them to work for, and achieve that standard. From research it was concluded that the benefits are accrued from the ensuring that strategy is used in the training and that the needs of the business are met through the same. Particularly, the firms assert that when working towards IIP, it assists them to elucidate and put across the objectives of the business and speeding up continuous advancement go-aheads (Ashton 2004, p.27). There is also marked participation of managers in the development of individuals hence uniting rather unrelated action (Heyes 2000, p.150). As a result, the administrative staff members obtain the attention that may have been overlooked in the past. Other firms conceive the idea that IIP will enable them to increase their profitability, efficiency in sales as well as incomes while at the same time operating at a reduced cost (Ashton 2004, p.28). Other studies reveal that discrepancies may arise in recognition e specially when a firm is aiming at retaining the reward after a period of three years. As such, individuals may underperform and only up their game after three years when they need to be recognized. To achieve this reward, significant endeavour has been established. However, the gains will only be achieved through the underlying logistics and reflexive activities that are used in the training (Grugulis 2007a). Germany In Germany the vet system is usually regulated where Occupational Labour Market system is mainly used and there are strong establishments for employers. There is also a dual VET system which emanates from the unanimity and the sundry workplace and school based system which has been cited as a perfect example of top-drawer pattern (Brown et al. 2008). The system may be seen as if it sources financing from the state the state but the truth is that a bigger percentage of the Vocational Solid co-operation emanates from among the employers, state as well as the trade unions (Harrison 2002). In Germany Vocational Education and Training is therefore financed by the employers who, together with the trade unions, back the central and local government in the running of the same (Ashton and Felstead 2001, p.185). To ensure that the VET system is made compulsory, there are laws and guidelines that have been established to ensure that the employers are obliged to fund as well as set aside resources necessary for the training purposes (Sutherland Rainbird 2000). The structures, processes and establishments that run the system are collectively administered by the employers, unions and the state (Ashton and Felstead 2001, p.185). The two-fold arrangement is classified into three stages whereby the very inaugural phase starts in the terminal years of being in school (Ashton and Felstead 2001, p.169). In this phrase a lot of emphasis is put on the high level education for every individual because of a great realization that a beneficial general education gives a firm foundation for learning in the future (Harrison 2002). A great percentage of young school leavers begin apprenticeship as well as other young people who have qualifications that are in one way or another equivalent to A-levels. The others are absorbed into the tertiary educational institutions. This dual system puts much emphasis on the substantial relationship theory and practice when it comes to training (Boheim and Booth 2004, p.526). The apprentice devotes a fraction of his or her time in attending the vocational college while another part of the same is spent obtaining integrated training from a skilled workman within the apprentice’s working environment (Sutherland Rainbird 2000). It is a strict requirement that the skilled workman (otherwise known as a meisterwerker) is well equipped with instruction techniques (Ashton 2001). Both instructions given on and out of the job usually undergo cautious co-ordination so as to ensure the resultant vocational course covers all the details concerning the trade of the given apprentice and the skills required therein. This is widely accepted in the entire labour market in Germany (Lloyd Payne 2004) because it saves the employer the task of going outside the company to poach those workers who are already trained by other organizations (NATFE and Youthaid quoted by Felstead Green 1994, p.199). The state agencies, establishments and the youth jointly meet the costs of the dual system. This is in the sense that the firms commit themselves to the payment of on-the-job training while the youths have to do with comparatively meagre pays and the public funds are used to pay for the vocational institutions. Despite the fact that Germany offers a great number of apprenticeship places, only a fraction of them are taken especially ever since the year 1986, mainly due to the fact that the 1990s ushered a new era of unmanageable times (Harrison 2002). Compared to the United Kingdom, Germany boasts of thrice their w orkforce despite their labour forces being equal (Wallenborn 2010). It is however worth noting that much as the vocational Education and Training policies in Germany are very much regulated they may no longer be in a position to reduce the number of unemployed individuals in the present days (Brown et al. 2008, p.46). There is however problems which relate to the fitting and structure and capacity when compared to the ever fluctuating demand and supply of trained human resources in the job market (Ashton 2004, p.25). Germany has also experienced far much more mutual reciprocal action between education and training as compared to several other countries which adopt the regulated VET system. Conclusion Human resource development is so indispensable that the way of developing it has been theorized in varied models and each is aimed at its best. VET system is an objective model that enables organizations and firms to have knowledgeable and skilled manpower which can enable them achieve their goals in operation. On the other hand there is a concern in socioeconomic welfare in impacting knowledge on individuals as this enables them to be compatible and ensure continuity even when recession comes. That is why some countries like Germany create regulations to force firms to offer training to their employees because this training has an impact on a person and society at large. This regulated kind of vocational education and training is where the organizations and firms are obliged to invest in training in their employees and liable to law incase that is not done. On the other hand some countries do not believe that this control is important and they prefer leaving the options to individuals and firms to do it their fashion like the case of United Kingdom. A close examination of the VET systems in the UK and Germany proves that voluntary and the regulated approaches are direct opposites and they embody dissent logics. While regulated approach presumes that, when left a lone, most firms will concentrate on making profit and forget training employees, the voluntarist approach believes that when left at their discretion firms can perform better than when they operate under control. Moreover, regulated approach takes into account the good of the whole society starting with the worker because when a worker is skilled, he or she can deploy the skills elsewhere therefore as firms get profits the employee can get skills but voluntarist approach seems to favor the employer. This society cooperation and concern is seen in Germany where a culture is created for all stakeholders; parents, state, employers and training institutions work together towards a common goal. In the case of UK the voluntarist approach reveal a lot of employer laxity in employees and that is why any slight recession would lead to employers retrenching workers and poaching for those who have experiences without incurring the cost of training them when the economy recovers. With these di rect opposing logics, expectations and outcomes the voluntary and regulated approaches to VET are two opposing approaches to a single policy. In short the two are aimed at opposing goals, means and ends. References Ashton, D., 2004. The political economy of workplace learning. In H. Rainbird, A. Fuller and A. Munro, ed. Workplace Learning in Context. London: Routledge, pp.21-37. Ashton, D., 2001, From training to lifelong learning: the birth of the knowledge society?’ In: J. Storey, Human Resource Management; A critical Text. 2nd ed. London: Thompson learning, pp.165-189. Ashton, D. and Felstead, A., 2001. From training to lifelong learning: the birth of the knowledge society? In: J. Storey. 2nd ed. Human Resource Management: A Critical Text. London: Thompson Learning, pp.165-189. Boheim, R. and Booth, A., 2004. Trade union presence and employer-provided training in Great Britain. Industrial Relations, 43(3), pp.52-545. Brown, P., Ashton, D., Lauder, H. and Tholen, G., 2008. Towards a High-Skilled Low-Waged Workforce? A Review of Global Trends in Education, Employment and the Labour Market. Cardiff: SKOPE Monograph 10. Cardiff: SKOPE, Cardiff University. CEDEFOP, 2009. Contribution of Collective Bargaining to Continuing Vocational Training. Dublin: European foundation for the improvement of living and working condition. CEDEFOP, 2010, Employer-Provided Vocational Training in Europe. Research Paper No.2. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Felstead, A. and Green, F., 1994. Training During Work Employment Society. Work, Employment and Society, 8(2), pp. 199-219. Grugulis, I., 2007a. Skills, training and human resource development. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.1-11. Grugulis, I., 2007b, Vocational Education and Training in Britain. In: Skills, Training and Human Resource Development. Houndmills: Palgrave, pp. 54-70. Harrison, R., 2002. Learning and Development. 2nd ed. London: CIPD, pp. 60-77. Harrison, R. and Kessels, J., 2004. Hum an Resource Development in a Knowledge  Economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp.35-37. Heyes, J., 2000, Workplace Industrial Relations and Training In: H. Rainbird, ed, Training in The Workplace. Houndmills: Macmillan, pp.148-162. Heyes, and Stuart, M., 1996. Does training matter? Employee experiences and attitudes. Human Resource Management Journal, 6(3): pp.7-21. Holden, l., 2001a, Human Resource Development: The Organisational and The National Framework. In: I.B holden. Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach. 3rd ed. Essex pearson, pp.349-360. Holden, l., 2001b. Human Resource Development:The Organisational And The National Framework. In: I.B Holden, T. Claydon, eds. 2004. Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach. 4th ed. Essex: Pearson, pp.341-367. Lloyd, C. and Payne, J., 2004. The Political Economy of Skill: A Theoretical Approach to Developing a High Skills Strategy in the UK. In: C. Warhurst, I. Grugulis, and E. Keep, ed. The Skills that Matter. Basingstok e: Palgrave, pp. 207-224. Rainbird, H., 2002. No rights, just responsibilities: Individual demand for continuing training. In: K. Evans, P. Hodkinson, and L. Unwin, ed. Working to Learn: Transforming Learning in the Workplace. London: Kogan, chapter 12: pp.23-33. Rubery, G. and Grimshaw, D., 2003. The Organisation of Employment: An International Perspective. Hampshire: Palgrave, Chapter 5: Skilling the labour force, pp.106- 137. Sutherland, J. and Rainbird, H., 2000. Unions and workplace learning: Conflict or cooperation with the employer? In: H. Rainbird, ed. 2000. Training in the Workplace. Houndmills: Macmillan, pp. 189-209. Wallenborn, M., 2010. Vocational Education and training and human capital development: Current practice and future options. European Journal of Education, 45 (2) p.181-198. Westwood, A., 2004. Skills that matter and shortages that don’t. In: C. Warhurst, I. Grugulis and E. Keep, ed. The Skills that Matter. Basingstoke: Palgrave, chapter 3: pp. 38-39, 4 2-53. 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my part Essays my part Essay my part Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Managing the Job Evaluation Process A job evaluation can be defined as a methodical approach to establishing the value of an occupation in relation to other posts within the organization. Job evaluation processes attempt to build a systematic contrast between tasks to evaluate their relative value for the reason of establishing a balanced pay structure. Job evaluation needs to be distinguished from job analysis that refers to an organized way of collecting information about a profession. Therefore, job evaluation starts with job analysis and concludes when the value of an occupation is determined for attaining pay equity between different professions. Typically, the process of job evaluation follows the following fundamental phases with unique cases having a different approach. As an employer, it is imperative to gain the acceptance of the trade unions and the employees themselves through explaining the objectives and functions of the program. This could be done through oral presentations, internal memos, and brochures to categorize all significant elements of the job evaluation program. The next step involves creating a job evaluation commission. It is impractical for a single individual to assess all the vital posts in an organization. Frequently, a job evaluation commission comprising of knowledgeable personnel, union delegates and human resource professionals is formed to initiate the process. The third phase involves determining the posts to be appraised. It is not mandatory that -very job need not be evaluated as this may be too demanding and expensive. Certain vital jobs in each division may be selected. While selecting the jobs, caution must be taken to ascertain that they are a representative of the type of work done in that sector. This phase should be followed by an analysis and preparation of the job description. These are lists developed to outline the general tasks, functions and duties of a position. Components of a job description include qualifications, salary and other competencies. After this, the method of evaluation is selected. The most relevant method of assessing the positions must be identified, considering the work factors as well as organizational needs. The last phase involves categorizing the jobs. The relative value of different posts in an organization may be discovered after organizing jobs in order of significance using standards such as expertise requirements, experience desired, specific conditions under which tasks are carried out, type of duties to be borne, degree of supervision and the amount of pressure caused by the position. By assigning the weights to each factor, the final value of a position can determined by adding the total of all the weights for each category. These awarded points can then be changed into monetary functions. Several methods of job evaluation have been devised but most of these have been proved to be inefficient and flawed. The ranking method is the most popular and involves categorizing positions from the highest to the lowest as well as using their difficulty as the criterion. The downside to this approach is that it encourages subjectivity and creates conflict. The classification method is more scientific and creates a prearranged number of positions groups where each post is allocated for example executives, skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. The problem with this approach is that it oversimplifies the precise differences between different positions and different grades. The most elaborate and systematic method, the factor comparison method, uses a series of factors to rank each position. Examples of these factors include physical and mental effort, duties, working conditions and skill required. The overall process of job evaluation has its own limitations in that it is not completely scientific. The formulas for most of its techniques are also highly questionable and difficult to understand. Lastly, the stakeholders including trade unions representatives, employees and program administrators award different weights to each factor and this creates conflicts.

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Investment Data - Essay Example It came into existence as a result of several mergers and acquisitions. Based on the latest Annual Report of the company, it has not issued shares of common stock using investment bankers or a syndicate of investment bankers, or at least there is no mention of any from accessible official documents ; in fact, it has been known to be buying back its shares. The only reference which could give one an inkling of common stocks being handled is this excerpt from its Notes to Financial Statements: â€Å"The merger was accounted for using the purchase method in accordance with SFAS No. 141, and the aggregate transaction value was $6,890 million, consisting of $5,829 million of cash and common stock issued at closing, $973 million of consideration for the shares acquired from . . . .† One major investment bank, Morgan Stanley, has probably handled some negotiations leading to some acquisitions. However, there is no explicit mention of Morgan Stanley anywhere in the companys most recent Annual Report, although the investment company has on several occasions made evaluative comments concerning Verizon. If anything, there seems to be a close relationship between the firm and Morgan Stanley. One of its Directors has had former ties with the investment bank: â€Å"Mr. Nicolaisen, 63, . . . has been a Director since 2005. He is also a director of MGIC Investment Corporation, Morgan Stanley and Zurich Financial Services.† (Annual Report 2007) Investment Dictionary defines Financial Intermediary as an institution that acts as the middleman between investors and firms raising funds. Often referred to as financial institutions. Investopedia states that it can include chartered banks, insurance companies, investment dealers, mutual funds, and pension funds. building societies, credit unions and financial advisers or brokers. Evidently, the investment banker also serves as financial adviser and broker/dealer for

State Sovereighty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

State Sovereighty - Essay Example However, the more powerful territorial states repeatedly violated the national jurisdiction of the weaker ones and were legally free to â€Å"make war, violate human rights, neglect the welfare of citizens, and damage the ecology†. (Weiss, 2007, p. xiv) This classical definition of sovereignty eventually came to an end as effected by the two Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. The result of the conference was the foundation of three conventions and three declarations which stipulated the laws that would govern international attitude towards land warfare, sea warfare, and peaceful settlement of disputes. Sovereignty in the classical sense was challenged by economic globalization and the development of alliances, regional coalitions, and shared currency. It was imposed upon by victors and the emerging community of nations clamoring for a secure and peaceful co-existence. Furthermore, it was realized that respect for human rights were equally important as territorial integrity and that states have a dual responsibility; internal respect for the well being of its people and external respect for the sovereignty of other states. Bodin first introduced the modern meaning of sovereignty during the sixteenth century. Through him, we are able to identify the modern definition of a sovereign state as a group of people living in a community, organized under a sovereign government which exercises the power of making and enforcing laws within the community, and is not itself subject to any superior government. The modern meaning of sovereignty is anchored on a people’s ability to adopt its own basic law, and to propose and adopt amendments to the basic law by directly deciding on all issues, instead of delegating decisions to national legislatures, and a duty to protect human rights. According to Daniel Philpott (2001), sovereignty has come closer to enjoying universal explicit assent than any other principle of political organization. (p. 3) The United Nations

Viruses vs. Windows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Viruses vs. Windows - Essay Example I would also turn on the windows update option in order to receive security updates for his/her windows. I would recommend my neighbor to install an antivirus application and update it on a regular basis. I would not recommend him/her to use a free version of the above-mentioned antivirus applications because they are sometimes unable to deal with dangerous viruses. Licensed applications provide reliable security to the files stored in any machine. I would recommend my neighbor to use Avast antivirus application because it has eight effective real-time shields that protect the system from viruses, as well as consumes fewer system resources as compared to other antivirus applications. My last recommendation for him/her would be to avoid opening junk emails and suspicious internet links because they are likely to contain viruses. Both of these antivirus applications run very well on the Windows XP. I would also turn on the windows update option in order to receive security updates for his/her windows. I would recommend my neighbor to install an antivirus application and update it on a regular basis. I would not recommend him/her to use a free version of the above-mentioned antivirus applications because they are sometimes unable to deal with dangerous viruses. Licensed applications provide reliable security to the files stored in any machine.

Impact of Diseases on Population Health

Impact of Diseases on Population Health Contents Introduction Different Diseases their Impact on Health Status of Population Diabetes Cholera Diphtheria Malaria Measles Arthritis Influence of various factors on Public Health Policies Efficacy of the Various Factors Involved Alternative Approaches to Address the Different Health Problems Conclusion References: Introduction Each and every year there are many chronic or non-infectious as well as infectious diseases that claim the lives of a great number of people all over the world (Vries, Cohen Rood, 1990). In America, this number is more than one and a half million. Every seven out of ten deaths occur in America due to such diseases and thus it is but more than important to prevent them in one way or the other. There are many rules, regulations and policies made each and every year in order to overcome these diseases but they are not enough as long as they are not properly executed in real life. Moreover, a lot of awareness needs to be brought in the mind of the general population so that they can take a greater level of precaution and thereby prevent the diseases from happening or nipping them in the bud at a very early stage (Kradin, 2010). Government also has a major role to play in this context as different campaigns can be done in different populations to highlight the diseases and their effects and thereby grow the eagerness in them to take precaution before as well as after the disease. The burden of non-infectious diseases is preventable to a great extent. This is because of the fact that non-infectious diseases like that of heart disease, stroke, cancer and diabetes occur in individuals as a reflection of how they lead their lives or how they respond to the physical as well as social environments that they work under. With the advancement of the technological as well as industrial aspects, people have had much less need to be dependent on their own physical activities as most of the work are done by the everyday machines that surround us. Intake of unhealthy meals is also a reason for the occurrence of these kinds of diseases. Physical inactivity, use of tobacco, consumption of alcohol in an unhealthy manner and poor nutrition are the main reason why an individual become the victim of heart diseases, stroke, asthma, diabetes, arthritis and other such non-communicable or non-infectious diseases (Buchan Cathrall, 1797). Thus it can be said that the choice of a poor or unhealthy lifestyle is the main reason why these kinds of diseases happen to people. Thus if a proper and appropriate awareness is developed in the population about the way in which a healthy lifestyle can be lead, these diseases can be controlled to a great extent. Thus along with the other social, political factors that matter in this context, the individual’s own consciousness regarding himself and the people around him or her is also very much required (Bunch, 1997). Different Diseases their Impact on Health Status of Population Each and every population is in one way or the other affected by a wide range of diseases. The following list gives a brief description of the different kinds of diseases that the human population has to deal with and how they are intensely affected by them. Diabetes Diabetes mellitus or better known as diabetes is the disease where the individual is affected with high blood sugar level. The common symptoms of this disease are that of urination in a very frequent manner, increase in the thirst of the person and also a great increase in the hunger of the person (Stehouwer Schaper, 2009). In case of diabetes too, the factors of overweight and physical inactivity play a major role in developing risk factors in the individuals for this particular disease. Thus it can be prevented by taking a little care. Source: Stehouwer Schaper, 2009. The conversion of sugar into energy is very essential in our body and that is done by the hormone insulin which converts glucose into energy. When sufficient amount of insulin in not produced in our body, the level of glucose rises in the body and hence, it shows abnormality in the daily proceeding in that particular human being and causes diabetes. The complications of diabetes involves feeling tired, feeling constantly thirsty, passing urine frequently, slow healing infections, blurred vision, itching in the skin or genital area, tingling and numbness in the feet or in the hands, unexplained weakness and fatigue, weight loss, vomiting and nausea. There are mainly two types of diabetes occurring in the society and they are Type 1 or insulin dependent diabetes that is also called Juvenile Diabetes and Type 2 or non insulin dependent diabetes that is also called Adult onset diabetes (Jackman, et. al., 2015). Source: Buschard, 2011. The Type 1 diabetes usually causes to children like young adults and teenagers and they require regular injections of insulin. The Type 2 diabetes usually affects to people above the age of 45 years and they are treated with regular exercise and healthy eating. Insulin tablets and injections are also needed sometimes. However, if Type 1 diabetes is left untreated, the person having type 1 diabetes accumulates dangerous chemical substances that have produced from burning of fat and this condition is known as keto acidosis. Genetic susceptibility is also a factor causing diabetes. The genes of an individual carry proteins and instructions that are need for the functioning of the body. Hence, if anyone parent of an individual is affected with diabetes, then the chances of that individual of having diabetes is higher. Thus, is could be said that the origin of diabetes disease in an individual comes from its heredity. The diagnosis of diabetes disease could be done by the Fasting Plasma G lucose Test and the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. The Fasting Plasma Glucose Test is done after fasting for at least 8 hours and the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test is also done after 8 hours fasting as well as 2 hours after the person drinks 75 grams of glucose water. There are certain proportions of blood glucose level that determines that the person is suffering from diabetes or not (Buschard, 2011). Source: Jackman, et. al., 2015. Cholera The main reason for the occurrence of Cholera is because of a bacterial infection in the intestine of an individual (Barua Burrows, 1974). The infection in many of the cases can be very mild and thus no proper symptoms can be detected at the beginning. The symptoms of cholera are that of intense diarrhea, vomiting and cramps in the leg. Not each and every patient of cholera will be affected in a major way. Statistics show, that approximately one out of twenty patients of cholera suffer in an intense manner. Since the symptoms of cholera include diarrhea and vomiting, the body of the patient gets easily dehydrated and the person can also go into a state of shock. Thus in an intense case of Cholera, the patient can even die in a matter of a few hours if the person is not provided with proper treatment at the very earliest. The main reason behind a person becoming a victim of the disease of cholera is the intake of contaminated or infected food and water. The areas or locality where there sewage system and provision of drinking water is treated in a poor manner, there is a greater possibility of the people of those areas getting affected with this particular disease (Hayhurst, 2001). And if the feces of the people suffering from cholera get mixed with the system of water supply then the disease can spread in the entire locality at the blink of an eye and thus create an epidemic. The bacterium that causes cholera may live in the environment in some coastal areas. Thus if a person consumes shellfish in a raw manner, then he or she too has the chances of getting affected by the disease as the shellfish may contain that particular bacterium. During the 1800s this disease was very much common in America. The main reason behind it being that of industrialization and thus other industrialized nations were also affected. But the modern systems in which the sewage and water is treated has been able to almost wipe out this disease. Moreover, if tourists go to a place which is affected by cholera, they may even carry the bacterium being exposed to it and as a result bring it back in their native land. Thus simple but effective precautions need to be taken by outside travellers as well the people who live in the region in order to get rid of such a dangerous disease. Diphtheria Diphtheria is the serious disease caused by the infection of a bacterium which ultimately affects the respiratory system or the skin (Guilfoile, 2009). The symptoms of respiratory diphtheria are that of sore throat, fever and in some cases the neck also gets swollen up. In intense or sever cases of diphtheria a layer of membrane gets formed over the throat and for this reason the patient suffers from breathing problems. The kind of diphtheria affecting the skin is known as cutaneous diphtheria and the symptoms of it is that lesions are formed on the skin. If a person affected from this disease is not treated in a proper way then he or she can go to coma or even die. Thus the severity of this disease can very well be understood and thus precaution should be taken at any cost. This disease can be spread by an infected person by the acts of coughing or sneezing. This happens due to the fact that the person actually expels the drops which contain the bacterium of diphtheria and thus the other person coming in contact with it inhales it and thereby becomes a victim of it (Margulies, 2005). The treatment of this disease is mainly done by hospitalizing the patient and giving him or her antibiotics. America has a history of suffering from Diphtheria before 1920s but after that with the introduction of the vaccine – this disease has taken a backseat. Malaria The reason that a person gets affected with malaria is because a person gets affected with the parasite transmitted by the infected mosquitoes (Isle, 2001). The symptoms of this disease can be observed within ten day to four weeks after the individual has been bitten by the infected mosquito. The symptoms of malaria are as follows: chills, fever, sweating, muscle pain and headache. When this disease occurs in a serious or sever manner, then the patient may vomit a lot, suffer from iron deficiency (anemia), kidneys can fail to work properly, can go to coma or even die. The anti-malarial drugs help in curing the disease in the infected patients but there are also many ways in which this particular disease can be prevented to happen. No open fresh waters should be kept in one’s household or neighborhood as that is best breeding place for mosquitoes. Precautions against getting bitten can be taken by igniting mosquito killing coils, covering the windows with nets etc. Each and every individual should avoid getting bitten by mosquitos where the malaria infection is either quite common or if there is already an individual affected with the disease. Since the parasite causing malaria needs warm temperature in order to grow and survive, this disease is mainly found in tropical and sub-tropical countries (Marcus, 2004). Measles This disease is caused by a virus and is highly contagious in nature. The very early symptoms of this disease which can noticed are that of fever, cough, the eyes turn red, and the patient suffers from a runny nose (Rosaler, 2005). Initially, a type of rash appears on the skin where white spots can be noticed around the mouth and a red rash covers the whole body. The longevity of this rash is about four to seven days. In cases where the disease of very severe and intense nature, the patient can also suffer from diarrhea, the ear can get infected, occurrence of pneumonia is also a possibility, the brain can get swelled up (encephalitis) and also death. The measles virus can be transmitted from one person to another by the act of simple sneezing or coughing. The virus has the capability to stay in the air for about two long hours even after the person infected with the virus has left the place. There is no particular remedy or instant treatment for such a disease. The patients are mainly advised to take complete bed rest. Around the world, more than 20 million people are affected with this in each and every year and thus this disease can be said to be very common. But with an effective immunization campaign, this disease can be controlled and thus the population can be kept safe. Arthritis This is a kind or type of the disorder of joints for which the joints gets swollen up. This is a common disease in adults who lead a very unhealthy lifestyle and do not give much importance their own health and eating habits. Arthritis occurs mainly as a result of continuous physical inactivity and a poor nutrition of the individual under consideration. The people who have a greater chance of getting affected by this particular disease are those suffering from the following factors: Obesity, Joint Injuries etc. If a person endeavors to manage his weight and thereby decrease it to a proper limit, then the risk of the person getting affected by arthritis is much lowered. Thus doing physical activity on a regular basis can be considered as a precautionary measurement to such a disease. There are many different kinds of arthritis but the most common of them in existence is that of osteoarthritis. Influence of various factors on Public Health Policies In the United States, the threats due to the environmental health are always increasing and are much more observable in the populations having low income and also in that of the communities where colored people belong (Perrin, Durch Skillman, 1999). The environmental science researchers have always endeavored to find a correlation or association between the environment in which human beings are existing and the condition of health of those people. Thus, the role and responsibility of the primary care physicians as well as that of the other health providers are always in a state of flux as they have to act according to the environment itself. Thus they have an influence on the health policies that are being constructed for the general population to follow. The health of the general population is also one of the responsibilities of an efficient government and thus a governmental body would try to use its resources in order to understand and thereby develop public health policies which will prove to enrich and enhance the lives of the general population (Holland, 1999). Scientific and technological advancement has made a lot of things easier for the general population. Through scientific research work, a lot of effective medicines have been created which helps to treat patients and the basic precautionary medicines are mentioned in the health policies. Through the technological advancement, many devices have been created which helps in the detection as well as cure of many diseases at a very early stage. Thus in a way, the scientific and technical factors also have an influence on the public health policies that are made for the general population. Efficacy of the Various Factors Involved The current public health policies are quite efficient as a lot of diseases have been able to be prevented through the proper execution of these policies. The primary policy of creating awareness regarding the different diseases and their effects is the first step towards preventing and mitigating the various kinds of infectious as well as non-infectious diseases. Through awareness the possibility of the disease occurring will be lowered and thus care and treatment can be done in a proper way. Secondly, as the development in the field of medicine due to the extensive scientific researches done has happened in a great manner, so it has a positive effect on the public health policies (Brownson, 2003). Through governmental endeavor different campaigns are conducted over different regions and places in order to provide with medicinal equipment, giving a clinical check up to the individuals of the area in order of find out if anyone is suffering from any diseases. The policy which states that each individual is needed to go through a medical checkup within time to time actually helps individuals to identify if they are having any health problems at a very early stage. Thus is can be said in a way that the efficacy of the policies and practices are positive in the lives of the general population. Alternative Approaches to Address the Different Health Problems The alternative way in which different diseases can be controlled can be through the process of vaccination. For example, rotavirus, pneumococcal and HPV vaccines can be considered as significant and very important new interventions which can be used to reduce the different diarrheal diseases, infections relating to the respiratory tract or respiration and cervical cancer respectively. Diarrhea can also be controlled with the treatment of zinc, ORS and antibiotics amongst others. Conclusion Thus it can be observed that the human life is vulnerable to the human life but at the same time can be controlled by taking some simple precautionary measures. A lot of factors influence the construction of the public health policies which are helpful for the general population. But it is also the responsibility of the health providers to take care of some ethical issue while doing their job. For example, no care provider should work is he or she is sick as that would increase the opportunity of the disease getting spread. Thus it can very well be understood that the diseases can be ridden off only by the joint effort of both the patient and the care giver. There is not perfect treatment for diabetes but could be controlled by leading a healthy life style along with regular exercise and healthy eating. References: Barua, D., Burrows, W. (1974). Cholera. Philadelphia: Saunders. Brownson, R. (2003). Evidence-based public health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Buchan, W., Cathrall, I. (1797). Domestic medicine: or, A treatise on the prevention and cure of diseases, by regimen and simple medicines. Philadelphia: Printed by Richard Folwell. For John Low, no. 132, Water-Street, New-York. Bunch, B. (1997). Diseases. Danbury, CT: Grolier Educational. Buschard, K. (2011). What causes type 1 diabetes? Lessons from animal models. APMIS, 119, pp.1-19. Guilfoile, P. (2009). Diphtheria. New York: Chelsea House. Hayhurst, C. (2001). Cholera. New York: Rosen. Holland, W. (1999). Public health policies in the European Union. Aldershot: Ashgate. Isle, M. (2001). Malaria. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. Jackman, J., Chafe, R., Albrechtsons, D., Porter, R., Nugent, C., Waheed, S. and Newhook, L. (2015). Delayed diagnosis and issues with pump usage are the leading causes of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with diabetes living in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. BMC Kradin, R. (2010). Diagnostic pathology of infectious disease. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier. Marcus, B. (2004). Malaria. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Margulies, P. (2005). Diphtheria. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. Perrin, E., Durch, J., Skillman, S. (1999). Health performance measurement in the public sector. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Rosaler, M. (2005). Measles. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. Stehouwer, C., Schaper, N. (2009). Diabetes. Oxford: Clinical Pub. Vries, R., Cohen, I., Rood, J. (1990). The Role of micro-organisms in non-infectious diseases. 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